??????? ???????: ????? ???????? ?????

• 

التفاصيل

المجموعة الأم: ???????

نشر بتاريخ الأربعاء, 05 حزيران/يونيو 2013 13:42

الزيارات: 10375

??????? ???????: ????? ?????? ???????? ?????

 

 ?? 16??/637? – 492??/1099?

 

???? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????.

 

 

 

???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? Prophet Muhammad? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? 610?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????. ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????.

 

• ??? ????? -??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????-: (???????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????????) ?????? 129

•  ????: (???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????) ?????? 2

 

???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????. ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????????[1] ???? ????. ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????. 

??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????.

 

• ??? ?????: (???????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????????????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????????) ??????? 48

 

?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? 13 ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???  16 ?? 17 ???? ?? ????? ??? ???????.

 

• ?? ??? ???? -??? ???? ?????- ???: (????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????????.) ???? ????/ ???? 2836 ????? ????????

 

??????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? (?????? ??????) ??? ????? ?????? (?????? ??????)? ?? ????? 10 ?? 11 ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????. ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? 622? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????.

 

• ??? ?????: (????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????????) ??????? 1

• ?? ??? ?? ???? –??? ???? ???- ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???: (??????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ????[2] ?????????????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ... ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????? ..) ???? ????/ ???? 234 ????? ????????

 

 ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????[3]  ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????.

??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? 2??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???.

 

•  ??? ?????: (???? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????????) ?????? 144

• ??? ?????: (??????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ..) ?????? 177

 

?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? -???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????- ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? People of the Book ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???? ????.

 

• ??? ?????: (????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????????????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????) ?????? 109

• ???? ?????: (???? ????? ???????????? ???? ????????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????) ?????? 211

 

 ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????.

 

• ?? ??? ????? -??? ???? ???- ?? ????? -??? ???? ???? ????- ???: (??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????.) ???? ???????/ ???? 1115 ????? ????????

• ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???: ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????: ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????: (???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????? - ?? ???: ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????) ???????? ??? ???????? ??????/ ???? 8695 - ???? ???? ??????http://www.alsunnah.com

• ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???: ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? (?????? ????????? ?????? ?????????) ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????: (?????????????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ????????.) ???? ???? / ???? 20621 ????? ????????

•  ?? ??? ??????? ???: ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? (??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????????.) ???? ????/ 17107 ????? ????????

 

 ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ???. ??? ???? ??????? ??? 5??/627?? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? 7??/628?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? 6??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? Khaybar? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????.

 

????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????
(??????: ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? – ?. ????????? ???????)

?? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? Battle of Mu'tah? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? 8??/ 629?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????. ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? Khalid ibn al-Walid? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? 3 ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??100 ???. ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????. 

 

?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? 8??? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? 9??/630?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? Tabouk ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? "?????"? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????. ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????. ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????????? ???? ??? ?????? ????.

 

• ?? ??? ?? ???? -??? ???? ???- ???: ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????: (??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ...) ???? ???????/ ???? 2940 ????? ????????

 

????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????
(??????: ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? – ????? ??????? ????? – ???? ??? ????) (???? ?????? ??????)

 

???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? 11??/632?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? Ba'ath Osama ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????[4]. ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????. ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? Caliph Abu Bakr? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????. ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????.

 

????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????
(??????: ????? ???????? ?????? "??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????"- ?. ??????? ?????)

 

??? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????. ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ?????. ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????. ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????. ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??????. 

 

??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????. ??? ??? 12??/633?? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??: ???? ?? ??? ????? – ??? ???????[5]? ??????? ?? ???? – ??? ??????[6]? ???? ????? ?? ?????? – ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? – ??? ?????? ???????. ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah? ???? ?????.

 

?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? Arabah  ?????? ?? ?? ????? 12??/634?? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????. ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???. ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????????. ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 13??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? 35 ????.

 

????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????
(??????: ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? – ????? ??????? ????? – ???? ??? ????)

 

??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? [7] (????? ?????? 13??/634?)? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? Baysan (?? ?????? 13??/634?)? ?????? ??? ?????. ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ???? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???. ??? ????? ??????????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? 14??/ 635?.

 

????? ???? ????? ???????
(??????: ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? – ????? ??????? ????? – ???? ??? ????) (???? ?????? ??????)

 

????? ???? ????? ??? ??????
(??????: ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? – ????? ??????? ????? – ???? ??? ????) (???? ?????? ??????)

???? ??? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? Heraclius? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????. ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????.

???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????: ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????. ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? Battle of Yarmouk ?? ??? 15??/ 636? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? 200 ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? 36 ????. ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???????. ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? 3 ????. ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? Caliph Omar ibn Al-Khattab? ??? ???? ?????.

???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? (?????)? ???????? ???????? ????????. ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? 35 ????. ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????. ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????. ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????.

 

??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? Omar's Assurance of Safety? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???????. ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? Jabal Mukaber [8] ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????. ??? ???? ????? 16??/???? 637? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????. ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????. ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???????.

 

(??????: ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? –?.??????? ?????)

 

???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????. ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? Patriarch Sophronius ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? Mosque of Omar (????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????) ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????????.

 

???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????

 

???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????????. ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????. ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????. ???? ???? ????: "?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????". ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????. ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????.

 

???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????
(??????: ???? ???? ????????)

 

???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????.

 

?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? Muawiyah? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? 19??. ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? 20??. ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????????. ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? 40??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??. ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? 41??/661?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????.

 

????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????
(??????: ???? ?????????) 

 

 ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???????.

 

• ??? ?????: (??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????) ??????? 13

 

?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? (????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????) ?? ??????????. ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? [9] (??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????). ?? ????? ????? ?? 45.3 % ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? 43.7% ?? ????? ??????.

 

??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????. ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????. ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????: ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ???. ???? ???? ??? ?? ????????: ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????.

 

????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????
(??????: ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? –?.??????? ?????) (???? ?????? ??????)

??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? 3 ???? ????. ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ???? "??????" ?"??????" ??? ???? ?????? "???? ???? ????" ??? ???? ?????.

 

???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? "???? ???? ????" ?????? 
"??????" ?"?????" ??? ???????

(??????: ???? ???? ????????)

 

??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? 65??/685? ??? ??? 86??/705?. ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? 86??/705? ??? ??? 96??/715?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????. 

??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? (?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????)? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????. ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ??????.

 

???? ???? ???? ?????? – ????? ???????? ?? ??????
(??????: ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? –?.??????? ?????)
 

???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? (???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????)? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???. ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? (???? ?????) ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????. ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????. ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? 15 ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????.

 

 

???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? 15 ?????
(??????: ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? –?.??????? ?????)

 

??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????.

 

???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???????. 
(??????: ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? –?.??????? ?????)

 

??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? . ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????.

???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????. ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????????.

???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? 
(??????: ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????)

 

 

??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????
(??????: ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????)

 

??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????. ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? Abbasids ?? ????? ??? 132??/750?.

 

??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????. ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? 64??. ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????.

 

??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????. ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????. ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????. ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????. ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????. ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????.

 

 ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???????. ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? 130??/ 747? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? (???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????)? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? 136??/ 754?. ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????. ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??? 158?? /774? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? 163?? /780?.

 

 ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? 217??/832?. ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? 340?? ??????.

 

?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? 218??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????. ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????. ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? (???? ?? ??? 232??/847?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? 656??/1258?). ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????.

 

 ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? Fatimid Caliphate ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???. ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????. ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????.

 

 ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????? Ikhshidids  ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????.

 

???? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? 425??. ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? 426??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????????. ??? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? 412??.

 

????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??? ???. ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???.