رسالة
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- التفاصيل
- المجموعة الأم: ???????
- نشر بتاريخ الأحد, 09 حزيران/يونيو 2013 04:59
- الزيارات: 10741
??????? ???????: ?????? ?????? ???? ??????
?? 492??/1099? – 583??/1187?
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??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? [1]. ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? Romans? ???????? ?? ??????????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???????. ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? (?????????) ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? Al-Andalus? ?? ??? ????? ??????? Iberia ???? ???? ?????? ????.
???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? "??? ?????"? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? Arabs ???? Persians ?????? Turks ?????? Kurds ????? Berbers ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????.

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???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? "???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????" ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????:
"??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????: "??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????".
????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? 232?? / 847? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????.
??? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? / ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????. ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ????????? Fatimids ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? 296?? / 909?.
??? ?????: (??????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????????) ??????? 46

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?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? 1031?
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?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????Franks (????????? Crusaders) [4]? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????: "???? ??????? ???????? – ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????? – ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????."
??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ??? 358?? / 969?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ????????. ????? 100 ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????. ??? ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????????.
??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? Seljuk Turks ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???????. ??? ??? 463?? / 1071?? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? Alp Arslan? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????.

??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? 1092?
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??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? 25 ???? ?????? ???. ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? Malik-shah? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? Damascus? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ?? ??? 489?? / 1096?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????. ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????.
??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???????.
???? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? 1071?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? Battle of Manzikert ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? (????? ?????) ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? Minor Asia. ??? ??? 479?? / 1086?? ????? ???? ????????? Almoravids ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? az-Zallaqah ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????.

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???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? "?????? ?? ???????": "??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? 478??? ?????? ????? ?????? [5] ?????? ?? ???? ??????? (...) ?? ????? ??? 484?? ????? [6] ???????? (..) ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????. " ?????: "???? ??? ??? 490?? ????? ??? ???? ?????."
????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????. ????? ????: "???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? [7] ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ????."
????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? / ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????.

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?? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????? (?? ????? ?????????) ??????? (?? ????? ?????????) ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????. ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? Pope Urban II? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??"??? ???? ??????? ???????"? ????? ????? ???????? "?????" ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? Clermont ????? ????? ?? ??? 488?? / 1095?. ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? "????? ??? ??????"? ?????? ????? ???????.
??? ?????? ?????? (?????????)? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????????? (??????) ????? ??????? ?????????? (?????????) ?? ????? 489?? / ????? 1096?. ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? Kilij Arslan I? ??? ????? ????? Nicaea (?? ????? konia)? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??.
???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 490?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????. ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? Edessa [8] ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? 491?? / ???? 1098?. ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? Antioch [9] ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? 8 ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? 491?? / ????? 1098?.???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? "????? ??????? ?(???????)"? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????. ?????: "?? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????."
?? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? Mosul [10]? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? Kerbogha [11]? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? "???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????". ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????. ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????. ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????. ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????. ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???. [12]
??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? Principality of Antioch ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????. ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????. ??????? ????? Beirut ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? Tripoli ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???.

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??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? 50 ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? 40 ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? 20 ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????. ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????. ???? ????? 40 ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? Iftikhar ad-Daula ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? 492?? / ????? 1099?.
???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????. ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????? -????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????????- ?? ????? ?? ????. ???? ??? ??????? ??? 70 ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ????????.
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????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? 1100? ??? ?????? ???? ???? "????? ??? ?????? ????????? Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem"? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????.
??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? "?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????." [13] ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????????.
?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????. ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? "???? ???????? holy of holies"? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????. ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ????. ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? (????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????????)? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? "??????? ?????? Solomon's Stables".
????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ????????. ???? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????. ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????????. ????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? "????? ???????"? ?? ???? "??? ??????" ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? Temple of Solomon. ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? "???????" ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????. [14]
???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????
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?? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????. ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????.
?? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? Baqtash ?? ???? Duqaq ?? ??? Tutush ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? Toghtekin ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? Ashkelon ????? Jaffa ???????????? ??? 498??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????.
??? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ?????. ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? Mawdud ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 507?? ??? ????? Tiberias ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? [15]?????. ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? [16]? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? Toghtekin ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????. ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????: "?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????".
??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? Aq Sonqor Bursuqi? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? 508 ?? ???? ??????. ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? [17] ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????. ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? 520??..
???? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? Ashkelon ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? 548?? / 1153?? ?? ????? ???????. ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???. ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????!
?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? "???? ??????? ????????"? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? Hauran [18]? ???????? Golan [19]? ??????? ???? Ayla (?????? Aqaba ?????)? ??? ??????? ??? ????? Al Karak [20]? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ???????.

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???? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????. ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????.
???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????????. ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? "???? ???". ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????:
??? ?????: (?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ???????) ?????? 114
?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????. ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????.
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[1] ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????.
[2] ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????.
[3] ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? 422?? / 1031?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???????. ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? Castile ??????? Aragon? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? 1492?.
[4] ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?. ?. ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????? French ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? France? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? Crusades ?????? ?????? ????? ???. ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????.
[5] ??? ?????? Toledo ?? ??? ??????? ???????.
[6] ??? ????? ????? Sicily ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???????.
[7] ????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????????.
[8] ?????: ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????.
[9] ???????: ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? 22 ????????.
[10] ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????.
[11] ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? "??????" ?? ???? "??????" ?? ??? ??????? ???????.
[12] ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? "?????? ??? ?????" ??????? ???? ????. ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? 494??..
[13] ??????: ???? "???? ??????? (????????)"? ? 53.
[14] ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????.
[15] ????? Sinjar: ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????.
[16] ?????? ????? ???????? Hashshashin ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????? Assassin.
[17] ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????.
[18] ?????: ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????.
[19] ???????: ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????.
[20] ?????: ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? 120 ??? ???? ??????? ?????. ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????.
[21] ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? Raynald of Chatillon ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????.
?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????





